【作者】 燕鹏；

【导师】 李峰；

【作者基本信息】 苏州大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2014， 硕士

【摘要】 孙宝琦是晚清民国时期一位重要历史人物，在中国近代发展史上留下了浓重的一笔。身处变革救亡为主色调的时代环境里，他的人生轨迹成为近代诸多二线政治人物的典型缩影。本文按其时代为分界线，将研究内容分为晚清和民国两大部分。孙宝琦早年谙熟西学，成为新政健将，得受清政府器重。早期任驻外使臣，是近代中国第一代外交官。清末新政之风起，他首倡立宪法、行宪政，是推动中国宪政发展的重要实践者。任山东巡抚期间，积极响应清政府新政方案，大力实施各项新政措施，将山东近代化发展推向纵深处。辛亥革命时，他身处山东政局漩涡，且性宽柔寡断，无力驾驭各方势力，山东出现“假独立”。民国时，孙宝琦凭资历、威望成为政界元老。历任外交总长、代理国务总理、国务总理等职，后期又接替盛宣怀任汉冶萍公司董事会会长。期间，由于他长于外交，参与了数次重大外务交涉，如中俄关于外蒙独立交涉、中日二十一条交涉、中日针对汉冶萍公司借款事宜交涉等。他所组织内阁不足数月即匆匆倒台，是北洋军阀统治下的议会政治乱象的生动写照。本文拟用近代化的视角对孙宝琦的主要生涯进行评述，并以近代化作为评价历史人物功过的客观标准和尺度，反映他在中国近代史上的地位和影响。更多还原

【Abstract】 Sun Baoqi is an important historical figure in modern China. The trajectory of his lifeis the epitome of the modern typical of many second-tier politicians. This paper is dividedinto two sections according to age, Late Qing and Republic of China. The political careerof Sun Baoqi rised at diplomatic envoys. He is the first generation of modern Chinesediplomat.In Late Qing Dynasty, he initiated a constitution which promotes thedevelopment of Chinese constitutionalism.During his governor of Shandong government,he vigorously implemente the New Policy to respond to the New Deal programspositively,which greatly enhanced the development of Shandong Province. In theRevolution of1911, he lived in political whirlpool of Shandong Province. But he wasunable to control all forces, resulting in "Shandong false independence". In Republic ofChina, depending on his seniority and prestige, he became an important official again. Hewas appointed the minister of Foreign Affairs and Acting Prime Minister, Prime Ministerand so on. He also succeeded Sheng Xuanhuai as the chairman of Han-Ye-Ping company.Because of his familarity with diplomacy, he participated in several major diplomaticnegotiations, such as the negotiation with Russia about the independence of OuterMongolia, Twenty-One-Demands negotiation and Han-Ye-Ping company negotiationbetween China and Japan. Then he organized the Cabinet for a few months but it had ahastily downfall, which is a vivid portrayal of the Northern Warlord government ’sparliamentary politics. This paper intends to use the modernization perspective to reviewhis major career and put the modernization as the objective evaluation of historical figures.The author of this paper believes that by using the modernization perspective, we could tella historical figure’s influence on modern society.更多还原