【作者】 侯伟；

【导师】 祝宏俊；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 ， 古代及中世纪史， 2018， 硕士

【摘要】 立窝尼亚骑士团是一支活跃在波罗的海地区的十字军骑士团,本名基督骑士团①。立窝尼亚骑士团在本地区的军事活动,推动了立窝尼亚地区及爱沙尼亚地区的天主教化,促进了立陶宛的改宗及波罗的海十字军的胜利完成,巩固了天主教与东正教势力间的分野。骑士团对立窝尼亚的经营为德意志人在该地区长期占优势做了铺垫。对立窝尼亚骑士团历史的研究与立窝尼亚地区的中世纪史、与德意志民族的东进运动、与波罗的海十字军运动息息相关。基督骑士团成立后,在抵御立陶宛人的进攻,驱逐罗斯人的势力的过程中,完成了对立窝尼亚的征服。至十三世纪三十年代,骑士团又同丹麦联合战胜了爱沙尼亚人。1236年基督骑士团响应教皇号召率军进攻立陶宛,结果被立陶宛人重创,内外交困的骑士团被条顿骑士团收编,成为了条顿骑士团的立窝尼亚分支,简称立窝尼亚骑士团。改组后的立窝尼亚骑士团作为条顿骑士团的重要组成部分,在支持条顿骑士团政策的同时也有自己的利益诉求,故而除了继续进攻罗斯地区外,也不断向立陶宛施压,并最终促成其改宗。随着衰落的条顿骑士团在1525年的宗教及世俗化改革中被解散,立窝尼亚骑士团又彻底恢复了独立的地位。独立的立窝尼亚骑士团在立窝尼亚联邦(成立于1418年)的范围内继续活动,面对着俄国及波兰共和国的压力以及瑞典的虎视眈眈,曾在十六世纪初成功的打退了伊凡三世的进攻。但是到1558年伊凡雷帝发动新的立窝尼亚战争时,衰落的骑士团最后被迫解散,其遗产被周边的新兴强国所瓜分。更多还原

【Abstract】 Livonian Order was an active knights crusader in Baltic region,their official name is Militia Christi.The military activities of Livonian Order in this region pushed the Catholicization in the regions of Livonia and Estonia,and had benefited in the recantation of Lithuania and the complete victory of Baltic Crusade as well,which consolidated the distinction between Roman Catholicism and the Orthodox Eastern Church.The order laid foundation for the operation in Livonia and the long-term advantages of German.Study about the history of Livonian Order are closely related to the medieval history of Livonia,the Drang nach Osten and the activities of Baltic crusades.After the establishment of Militia Christi,Knights conquered Livonia during the process of defending the attack from Lithuanians and expelling the influence of Rus’.Till 1230s,the Livonian order together with Danes defeated Estonians.In 1236,the Militia Christi answered the call of the Pope,then attacked Lithuania,but was severely damaged.The weary Knights were then incorporated by Teutonic Order and became a branch of It in Livonia,known as Livonian Order.The reformed Livonian Order became an important part of Teutonic Order.While supporting the policies of Teutonic Order,Livonian Order also had its own benefits.Besides attacking Rusland continually,it also gave pressure on Lithuania and eventually forced Lithuania to make proselytism.With the disband of the decadent Teutonic Order in 1525 in the Protestant Reformation and secularization,Livonian Order restored its independence.The independent Livonian Order continued its activities within the range of Livonian Federation,which established in 1418.Under the pressure of Russia and the Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodow with the convetous attitude of Sweden on its territory,it still defended the attack of Ivan III in the early 16th century.But when Ivan the Terrible started a new Livonian war in 1558,this decadent Order was finally forced to be disband and its heritages were partitioned by the emerging powers around it.更多还原